According to Localcollegeexplorer, the Czech Republic was born on 1 January 1993, following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the final stage of the crisis that had hit the country after the fall of the communist regime and which had seen the re-emergence of the contrasts between Czechs (in favor of maintaining a certain centralization) and Slovaks (supporters of a confederal state). During 1992 it was the Czech federated Republic, led by the liberalist V. Klaus, that promoted the dissolution of the Czechoslovak state. The separation from the more backward Slovakia was conceived as a step that would favor its integration with the West (NATO and EU). A parliamentary (bicameral) constitution immediately entered into force: V. Havel became President of the Republic and Klaus maintained the leadership of the government (center-right coalition) with a program focused on the liberal transformation of the economy (privatization of the productive apparatus and services, incentives for foreign investments, introduction of a new currency, creation of a new banking system), which led the Czech Republic to be the first of the Central-Eastern European states to join the OECD (1995). In the 1996 political elections the Prime Minister’s Civic Democratic Party obtained a majority and thanks to the votes of the allies (Christian-Democratic Union and the Democratic Civic Alliance) was able to form a new government, but the opposition, relying on the discontent aroused by the new economic course, marked a significant growth. In 1997 Klaus had to resign, overwhelmed by stiff contrasts with the opposition, and J. Tošovský formed a transitional cabinet. In 1998, after Havel’s re-election as president, early elections took place, which saw the affirmation of the Social Democratic Party; its leader M. Zeman set up a minority government which gained trust thanks to the abstention of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia and the Civic Democratic Party. Social democratic prevalence was confirmed in 2002, when V. Spidla became head of the government. In 2003 Havel was replaced by V. Klaus. The decline in the fortunes of the Social Democrats, which had already manifested itself in the 2004 European elections, led to the victory of the center-right coalition led by M. Topolánek in the 2006 parliamentary elections (replaced in 2009 by J. Fischer and in 2010 by P. Nečas, who resigned in June 2013), and the re-election of Klaus, while the presidential consultations – the first direct elections in the history of the country – held in January 2013 recorded the victory of the former Social Democratic Prime Minister Zeman, who obtained 54.8% of votes imposing itself on the conservative opponent K. Schwarzenberg.

In June 2013, following the resignation ofNečas, President Zeman instructed the economist and former minister J. Rusnok to form a technical government, but in the following August the Parliament denied the politician’s confidence. The early elections, held in October, saw the success of the Social Democrats (20.4% of the votes, two percentage points less than in previous consultations, and a result that does not allow the party to govern alone), while the second The country’s political force is the liberal party Ano 2011 founded by the entrepreneur A. Babiš, which gained 18.6% of the votes preceding the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (14.91%). In January 2014, President Zeman appointed Social Democratic Party leader B. Sobotka as Prime Minister, who in May 2017 announced his resignation – later withdrawn – following differences with the Minister of Finance Babiš, suspected of having committed tax crimes and replaced by I. Pilny only after a serious institutional crisis that arose following the refusal of President Zeman to remove the entrepreneur from any government post; the entrepreneur, however, clearly established himself in the parliamentary elections held in October 2017, in which he obtained 30% of the consensus, while the other parties reported very close results, with the Civic Democratic party at 11.3%, the Pirate Party at 10.8% and Prime Minister Sobotka’s Social Democrats collapsed to 7.5%. Only in July 2018, nine months after the consultations and after the birth of a first minority government, of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, for the first time in the executive branch since the collapse of the regime. The European elections held in May 2019 confirmed the leadership of Prime Minister Babiš, who established himself with 21.1% of the votes (+ 5%), followed by the conservatives of the Civic Democratic Party (14.5%) and the Party of pirates (13.9%). The first round of the presidential consultations held in January 2018 recorded the clear affirmation of the outgoing president Zeman, who obtained 38.6% of the votes against the 26.6% awarded by the independent candidate J. Drahoš, defeating him by measure (52% of votes) in the ballot held in the same month. For the first time in the history of the country, the Communist Party was excluded from Parliament following the political consultations of October 2021, in which the center-right coalition Spolu, which obtained 27.7% of the consensus against the 27.1% awarded by the Ano party of the outgoing premier.

On the international level, the Czech Republic, in addition to maintaining good relations with Slovakia, has committed itself to a policy of regional integration, which resulted in the Central European Free Trade Agreement (1992) between the countries of the Visegrád Group (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary). Relations with the United States and Western Europe have strengthened, establishing relations with Germany in particular. This line was confirmed by the submission of the candidature for EU membership (1996), and then by joining NATO (1999), the EU (2004) and the Schengen area (2007).